The Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited - 1200 Words

Brief History (MICHAEL TABB) Merriam-Webster has defined reliability as: â€Å"the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials†.[1] As technology advances, so does the use of computing and software in health services. With the onset of cancer, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) created a medical linear accelerator known as the Therac-25. The machines responsibility is to accelerate and increase the energy of electrically charge atomic particles by the introduction of an electric field focused by magnets. These accelerators are used to treat cancer patients with radiation to remove malignant cancerous cells and tissue. The use of the machines caused radiation overdoses between 1985 and 1987 causing loss of life and limb for patients in six accidents.[2] These six accidents began 3 June 1985 with a sixty-one year old woman receiving her twelfth treatment at Kennestone Regional Oncology Center in Marietta, Georgia. She had her breast removed and lost the use of a shoulder and arm after feeling a â€Å"tremendous rush of heat and red-hot sensation†, while receiving follow-up treatment for a malignant tumor removed from her breast in that facility (Porrelo, A.). The second accident occurred at the Ontario Cancer Foundation clinic in Canada on 26 July 1985 where a forty-year-old patient was in receipt of her twenty-fourth Therac-25 treatment. During the treatment, the machine issued an H-tilt error message. This prompted theShow MoreRelated2017. Nuclear Weapons: A Very Short Introduction Review.1644 Words   |  7 Pages2017 Nuclear Weapons: A Very Short Introduction Review The first use of nuclear weaponry in warfare occurred on the morning of August 6, 1945 when the United States dropped the atomic bomb known as â€Å"Little Boy† on Hiroshima, Japan. The result was devastating, demonstrating the true power of nuclear warfare. 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Sodium Channels In Dental Pulp Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(53) " order to supply the verve of dental mush \( 21 \) \." The dental mush is surrounded by the dental difficult tissue, which is a physical barrier against pathogen and hurt. The mush and dentin are frequently discussed together as one functional unit ; the pulpodentin composite. Pulp is capable to lucubrate dentin. We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Channels In Dental Pulp Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The permeable belongingss of dentin regulate the diffusion rate of thorns that can originate pulpal redness. Pulp contains vascularity and several nervus supplies. Blood vass in pulpal tissue are for alimentary supply and cellular enlisting, while nervousnesss in pulpal tissue are for dental sensitiveness and defence response following hurt either from dental cavities or injury. The dental mush has a low capacity for defence or fix responses because of the damage of an equal blood supply and cellular enlisting following dental hurt ( 1 ) . Several surveies have shown that the pulpal excitation plays an of import function in both defence and fix responses ( 2-4 ) . Therefore, in this reappraisal article, we focuses on the pulpal excitation in the response to pulpal hurt as mentioned below. 1.1 Normal excitation in lasting and primary tooth mush Pulpodentin composite in both lasting and primary dentitions is highly rich in excitations, as shown in the survey of Rodd and Boissonade ( 5 ) ( figure 1 ) , which influence the defence reactions in the connective tissue of the mush. These excitations consist of centripetal nervus fibres, sympathetic nervus fibres, and parasympathetic nervus fibres. The centripetal nervus fibres are the major excitation in the dental mush of both lasting and primary dentitions. They originate from trigeminal ganglion, in which centrally terminate in the spinal trigeminal karyon and peripheral base on balls through the apical hiatuss to innervate the coronal mush. At the peripheral portion into the coronal mush, they diverge, subdivision, and terminate as free nervus terminations in the odontoblast beds, subodontoblastic rete, predentin, in the interior 0.1 millimeter of dentin or along blood vass as shown in Byers ‘s survey ( 6 ) ( figure 2 ) . There are three subgroups of centripetal excitation in dental mush based on its size, its conductivity speed, and its map. First, A-? nervus fibres, the moderate-sized medullated fibres, are the smallest population of centripetal nervus fibres that are sensitive to mechanical stimulations such as hydrodynamic, percussion and motion force. Second, the little myelinated A-? nervus fibres can be seen m uch greater in dental mush. Finally, the largest part of centripetal nervus fibres is the unmyelinated, slow carry oning C fibres. Both A-? and C fibres are classified as the nociceptive which respond to noxious stimulations. The centripetal nervus fibres besides involve in dentinal fluid kineticss, vasoregulation and protective physiological reaction against dental hurts ( 7-9 ) . They provide verve of the dental mush by interacting with other pulpal cells, such as odontoblasts, immunocompetent cells, and blood vass. The old survey in rat theoretical accounts indicated that the centripetal nervus fibres in dental mush play an of import function in endurance of mush tissue. In that survey, they demonstrated that dentition with centripetal denervation had greater loss of mush tissue than those with excitation ( 4 ) . The sympathetic nervus fibres are sparse in dental mush of both lasting and primary dentitions. They are from superior cervical ganglion, located along the blood vass in deeper mush and involved in vasoconstriction. The other group of pulpal excitation in lasting and primary dentitions is parasympathetic nervus fibres, which play functions in ordinance of pulpal blood flow but are much less of import than the other two nervus fibres mentioned before. During the ripening and aging in lasting dentitions, dental mush becomes narrower with the deposition of third dentin and dead piece of lands, which are usually no excitation. With increasing loss of primary dentin, tooth excitation decreases as shown by the decrease in look of neuropeptides and their receptors in the dental mush ( 9, 10 ) . Several surveies demoing the distribution of nervus fibres in dental mush normally used protein cistron merchandise 9.5 ( PGP9.5 ) , a soluble protein isolated from encephalons, as a marker of nervus fibres. PGP9.5 staining appears to be dependable in responding with nervus fibres in several surveies with different techniques: immunohistochemistry ( 11 ) , immunoblotting ( 12 ) , immunocytochemistry ( 13-15 ) and immunofluorescence ( 5, 15, 16 ) . The centripetal excitations of primary dentitions differ in measure from those of lasting dentitions, in which the centripetal excitations of lasting dentitions are greater than primary dentitions ( 5, 13, 17 ) . Due to the outstanding map of centripetal nervus fibres in hurting transmittal, hence, several research workers hypothesized that the primary dentitions have less sensitiveness than the lasting dentition since the primary dentitions have less centripetal excitations. However, a old survey revealed different consequences in centripetal excitations between primary and lasting dentition ( 18 ) . In that survey, centripetal nervus supply in primary human dentition differs from lasting dentitions in two ways. First, the distribution of excitations within the Crown of primary dentitions were highest at cervical, while the lasting dentitions were dumbly supplied in the pulpal horn dentin. Second, the roots of primary dentin were peculiarly innervated at the cervical terminals of ro ots, but the roots of lasting dentin were virtually uninnervated. In add-on, physiologic root reabsorption does non impact histological construction and overall excitation of primary dentitions ( 19, 20 ) . Figure 1 shows the excitations in coronal mush of primary ( A ) and lasting ( B ) homo dentition. ( With permission of †¦ ) ( 5 ) Figure 2 shows the expiration o centripetal nervus fibres as free nervus terminations in the odontoblast beds ( OB ) , subodontoblastic rete ( rete of Raschkow: PI ) , predentin ( PD ) , in the interior 0.1 millimeter of dentin ( D ) or along blood vass. ( With permission of †¦ ) ( 1 ) 1.2 Sensory neuropeptides in dental mush The centripetal nervus fibres in dental mush are afferent fibres involved preponderantly in hurting perceptual experience. The terminuss of centripetal nervus fibres contain neuropeptides, synthesized neurotransmitter proteins from nerve cells. These peptidergic nerve cells are associated with neurogenic redness, caused by utmost stimulations such as dental cavities, boring, examining of the open dentin, or percussion of the dentition, in order to supply the verve of dental mush ( 21 ) . You read "Sodium Channels In Dental Pulp Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Dymanical alterations in peptidergic nerve cells occur during redness by extended germination. These germinations result in increased possible sites of neuropeptide incorporating fibres and accordingly released neuropeptides ( 3, 13, 14, 22-24 ) . Neuropeptides can non traverse cell membranes, so they trigger biological effects by triping their receptors located on the plasma membrane of the mark cells and they are quickly degraded by the enzymes in mush tissue after exercising the effects ( 25 ) . Functions of centripetal neuropeptides are multiple and variable. They could move as neurotransmitters, growing factors, endocrines, vasoregulators, immune system and signaling molecules. It is known that neuropeptides contribute to advance neurogenic redness, control of pulpal blood flow, and affect in hurting mechanisms of pulpodentin composite ( 26 ) . Several surveies demonstrated that neuropeptides can modulate vascular smooth musculus, addition in vascular permeableness, and besides modulate immunosystem ( 8, 26, 27 ) . The centripetal neuropeptides in lasting and primary tooth mush consist of calcitonin gene-related peptides ( CGRP ) , substance P ( SP ) and neurokinin A ( NKA ) ( 26, 28 ) . Summary of the beginning, localisation, stimulation and biological effects from centripetal neuropeptides in dental mush are summarized in table 1. 1.3 Nervous reactions to pulpal hurts When dental mush is injured, the altered conditions activate nervus fibres to bring on neurogenic redness, which is a procedure of stimuli-induced neuropeptides release, alteration in vascular permeableness and the enlisting of immunocompetent cells. The neurogenic redness can take to mending procedure ( 26, 29 ) . Several surveies have demonstrated the neurogenic redness happening in the dental mush following dental hurt. For illustration: the sensory ( 13, 30, 31 ) and sympathetic ( 2 ) nervus fibres shooting were found in inflamed dental mush. Byers and co-workers ( 32 ) demonstrated the variable grade of centripetal nervus fibres shooting correlated with assorted grade of hurt to dental mush of rat theoretical accounts. In that survey, mild hurt, e.g. shallow pits, caused an addition in CGRP-immunoreactive fibres, and those shooting CGRP-nerve fibres subsided within 21 yearss. The deeper pits were more injured to dental mush and leaded to microabscess with more legion subdivision s of centripetal nervus fibres shooting underneath. The shooting fibres had taken longer clip to lessen and the reparative dentin was substituted in those pulpal hurts microabscess. When the hurt theoretical accounts were the exposure of dental mush, several defensive reactions could be found, in such as mush polyps, curdling mortification and liquefying mortification. In those terrible pulpal hurts, the CGRP-immunoreactive fibres were found shooting following to the boundary line of defensive reactions and the axons were found to piece in the nucleus of lasting mush. As we have mentioned before, due to increased possible sites of neuropeptides release and the function of centripetal neuropeptides in hurting mechanism, the germination of centripetal nervus fibres following redness may change cytochemical reactions in the dental mush and contribute to the altered efficaciousness of local anaesthesia. 2. The look of Na channels in dental mush and their relation to dental inflammatory hurting The voltage-gated Na channels ( VGSCs ) are complex transmembrane pores that are responsible in depolarisation, peculiarly the raising stage of the action potency. They are found in excitable cells, such as nerve cells, myocytes ( 33 ) and some types of glia cells ( 34 ) . VGSCs unfastened within a msec in response to electrical alteration across the membrane to let Na ions influx and cause the increased neural membrane potency. Then, they terminate within unextended periods of clip to obstruct the Na ions flow and the nerve cells enter repolarization phase by the allowance of K ions influx at the neural membrane. After shutting, VGSCs return to resting province and are available to reopen in response to new moving ridge of electrical alteration. Therefore, VGSCs contribute to the finding of neural irritability and besides play the function in the extension of nervus urges. During hurts or redness, VGSCs in primary centripetal nerve cells are continuously activated and the uninterrup ted activation of VGSCs gives rise to motiveless self-generated action potency activity, that eventually cause uninterrupted hurting ( 35 ) . The Na channel is the selective filter composed of 1 big uninterrupted protein, ?-subunit and 1 or 2 smaller proteins, ?-subunits. The ?-subunits, a 220-260 kD polypeptide, contain a functional portion of ion channel including electromotive force detector, ion pore, activation, and inactivation gate. The ?-subunits modulate the maps of the ?-subunits and stabilise them to the plasma membrane. In mammals, 9 cistrons have been identified to encode VGSC ?-subunits into 9 isoforms depend on amino acid sequence homology and familial location. Each isoform differs in map such as tissue distribution, electrophysiological belongingss, pharmacological belongingss, and response to steel hurt and redness. Furthermore, each one is associated with the assortment of receptor molecules to modulate the irritability of nociceptors, so there are diversified procedures of nervus impulse extension depending on the nowadays of sodium channel ?-subunit isoform, for illustration, changing in opening thresh olds, opening clip length, sum of inactivation clip, or rate of isoform passage from closed inactivated province to the resting close province ( 36 ) . VGSCs can be functionally classified depending on the standards used, as shown in table 2, and the belongingss of each VGSC ?-subunit isoforms are summarized in table 3. In physiological status, the centripetal nerve cells in dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) and trigeminal ganglion express both TTX-sensitive ( TTX-S ) and TTX-resistant ( TTX-R ) Na channels. The most population of centripetal nerve cells is mechanoreceptive with rapid-inactivating TTX-S Na channels. The little population is nociceptive, showing a mixture of rapid-inactivating TTX-S and slow-inactivating TTX-R Na channels. During the inflammatory procedure, inflammatory go-betweens lower the threshold of activation and increase the irritability of TTX-R in primary centripetal nerve cells, contribute to neural hyperexcitability ( 37 ) . Furthermore, there is the altered look of both TTX-S and TTX-R VGSCs in inflamed peripheral tissues ( 36, 38 ) . These alterations lead to increased hurting provinces. In dental mush, the quickly inactivating, TTX-S Na currents have been detected in civilized human alveolar consonant mush cells ( 39 ) . The writer suggested that the chief beginning of these Na currents were from neural orbiter cells, non odontogenic cells, because odontoblastic procedure of odontoblasts that steadfastly embedded themselves to the dentin and do non allowed these cells to be explanted. On the other manus, the in vitro survey of Allard and co-workers ( 40 ) found that odontoblasts expressed voltage-gated TTX-S currents which has capableness to bring forth action potency, but TTX-R Na currents has non been detected. Henry and co-worker ( 41 ) found no alteration in overall Na channels look in painful human alveolar consonant mush. But when concentrating on the feature of nodal sites, the measure of untypical nodal sites, including the Na channel look at these countries was found to be increased, while the typical nodal sites and Na channel accretion at these countries was found to be decreased. This survey showed that redness caused the demyelinating procedure and remodeling of the form of Na channel accretion. Many surveies supported the survey of Henry and co-worker. They revealed an addition in the look of NaV1.7 ( 16 ) , NaV1.8 ( 11, 12 ) and NaV1.9 ( 42 ) in dental mush with irreversible pulpitis comparison to dental mush of non-painful dentitions. NaV1.6 has besides been found in dental mush of both worlds and rats ( 43 ) , but its map in pulpal redness remains ill-defined. Not merely VGSCs isoforms, but besides epithelial Na channel, which is non-VGSC have been found in dental mush. The l ook of each Na channel isoform in dental mush is as described below. NaV1.6 is a TTX-sensitive VGSC isoform remarkably expresses at nodes of Ranvier, although assorted sodium channel isoforms are located within the PNS and CNS. Its map has been suggested to be an electrical conductivity in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons ( 44 ) . The look of NaV1.6 in human lasting tooth mush has been reported in the survey of Luo and co-workers ( 45 ) utilizing immunocytochemistry that there was no important difference in the look of NaV1.6 in normal and painful mush, despite an addition in the proportion of untypical nodes of Ranvier and an lessening in typical nodal sites in painful mush. The survey in rat theoretical accounts utilizing immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence ( 43 ) has found that NaV1.6 expressed in pulpal immune cells, dendritic pulpal cells, and even in odontoblasts. This may propose the function of NaV1.6 in these cells. In contrast to the survey of Luo and co-workers ( 45 ) , mush tissue of injured rat dentitions in this survey showed the addition in NaV1.6 immunoreactive cells, preponderantly around the injured site and dilated blood vass. NaV1.7 is the TTX-sensitive VGSC isoform that was widely studied. It has been identified in the sympathetic nerve cells and little and average size centripetal nerve cells of DRG, which include nociceptive nerve cells. For the electrophysiological facet, NaV1.7 is quickly activated, quickly inactivated and easy recovered from fast activation, so it plays an of import function in puting the threshold for coevals of action potencies in peripheral nociceptive nerve cells ( 35 ) . NaV1.7 is markedly involved in comprehending hurting esthesis. As evidenced in the patients with loss-of-function mutant in SCN9A cistron, a cistron that encodes NaV1.7, those who have loss of NaV1.7 map are unable to see hurting ( 46, 47 ) . In add-on, patients with inborn hurting syndrome who have an change in NaV1.7 map have increased hurting sensitiveness associated with hydrops, inflammation and heat, proposing the function of NaV1.7 in chronic inflammatory hurting ( 48 ) . In dental mush of human lasting dentition, the upregulation of NaV1.7 look has besides been reported in painful pulpitis under immunohistochemical method ( 49 ) , every bit good as immunocytochemical method ( 16 ) , which has demonstrated the increased look of NaV1.7 isoform at typical and untypical nodal sites. The VGSC ?-subunit isoform 1.8 ( NaV1.8 ) and VGSC ?-subunit isoform 1.9 ( NaV1.9 ) , the slower TTX-R constituents, are unusually found in little unmyelinated centripetal nerve cells that have been identified as nociceptive nerve cells ( 36 ) . NaV1.8 has a high activation threshold, slow inactivation dynamicss and contribute to electrogenesis of action potency in C-type peripheral nerve cells of mice theoretical accounts ( 50 ) . NaV1.9 activates at potencies near resting membrane potency and generates comparatively relentless current ( 51 ) . Both TTX-R signifiers: NaV1.8, NaV1.9, are believed to be involved in the drawn-out continuance of action potency in response to painful stimulations and have been found to upregulate during inflammatory hurting ( 38, 52, 53 ) . Therefore, these sodium channel isoforms might be a new mark for intervention of inflammatory hurting. The different belongingss of NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 are as following. NaV1.8 currents have slow activation rate and fas t inactivation rate. The function of NaV1.8 in electrogenesis is to find action potency of nerve cells due to slower inactivation rates. The steady-state electromotive force dependance of inactivation contributes to bring forth action possible even at depolarisation province. NaV1.9 currents are alone and can be activated at electromotive force near the resting membrane potency and can bring forth relentless currents. Then, NaV1.9 can be easy activated, lend to puting of the threshold of activation, and can stay opening for longer clip than NaV1.8 ( 35, 36, 54 ) . Previous surveies utilizing antisense for NaV1.8 utilizing oligodeoxynucleotides ( 53, 55 ) and NaV1.8-null mice ( 56 ) have shown that NaV1.8 plays a function in inflammatory hurting and neuropathic hurting. NaV1.9 channels besides have a function in inflammatory hurting but non in neuropathic hurting ( 57, 58 ) . Localization of NaV1.8 in human dentitions with painful pulpitis has been investigated utilizing immunohistochemical method ( 11 ) . It has been found that NaV1.8-immunoreactive nervus fibres were localized in subodontoblastic bed of both healthy and inflamed mush tissue. However, the sensing of NaV1.8-immunoreactive fibres was much more seen in the inflamed dental mush. Furthermore, the upregulation of NaV1.8 has been reported utilizing the immmunoblotting method that has been used to quantify the protein degrees of NaV1.8 in inflamed human lasting tooth mush comparison to healthy mush ( 12 ) . The immunofluorescent survey has revealed that non merely the predominant NaV1.6, but besides NaV1.8 has presented at the nodes of Ranvier in the radicular portion of healthy human lasting tooth mush ( 59 ) . This determination has suggested the coexistence of multiple Na channel isoforms in these countries that may alter in the degrees of look during the inflammatory period and contribute to increased hurting position. For NaV1.9, the probe in rat theoretical accounts has revealed the excitations of NaV1.9-immunoreactive fibres in the lip tegument and dental mush of non-painful dentitions, proposing the function of this VGSC isoform in orofacial hurting ( 60 ) . Equally good as the other Na channel mentioned above, the immunocytochemical method has reported the increased look of NaV1.9 in the axons of diagnostic pulpitis of human lasting tooth ( 42 ) . Epithelial Na channel ( ENaC ) protein is a member of degenerins household ( DEG ) , which is a big protein household of diverse maps, such as Na ion conveyance, acerb esthesis, proprioception, and mechanosensation ( 61 ) . Differing from VGSCs which consist of ?- and ?- fractional monetary unit, ENaC consists of four fractional monetary units: ? , ? , ? and ? fractional monetary unit ( 62 ) . Merely ? , ? and ? fractional monetary units of ENaC has been indicated in mechanoreceptors in trigeminal ganglion of rat theoretical accounts with a possible map in mechanotransduction ( 63 ) . ENaC? has been identified in the terminal Schwann cells associated with the periodontic Ruffini terminations in the periodontic ligament of the rat incisors and believed to be a cardinal molecule for mechanosensation in chew ( 64 ) . There has besides been the ENaC in rat dental mush tissue, as being seen by immunohistochimistry ( 65 ) . In this survey, the ?ENaC and ?ENaC-immunoreactive fibres have app eared in trigeminal ganglion nerve cells, periodontic ligament, deep bed of unwritten mucous membrane, inferior alveolar nervus fibres, radicular mush and subodontoblastic rete of rat grinders mush tissue. The localisation of ?ENaC in dental mush was largely at myelinated nervus fibres which are sensitive to mechanical stimulations, while it was largely barren at unmyelinated nociceptive axons. There have been the efforts to detect new substances for Na channel blockers for the intervention of both neuropathic and inflammatory hurting. Lidocaine, normally used anaesthetics, is one of those with non-specific barricading belongings. Scholz and co-workers reported that TTX-R channels are more immune to lidocaine than TTX-S in rat theoretical accounts ( 66 ) . In contrast to Scholz survey, other surveies in rat theoretical accounts reported TTX-R channels are more sensitive to lidocaine than TTX-S Na channels ( 67, 68 ) . Until now, the specific VGSC isoforms that are the jobs in anaesthetic failure is still controverted. The usage of combination between for good charged Lidocaine ( N-ethyl-lidocaine ) and capsaicin, an agonist for the transient receptor possible vanilloid 1 ( TRPV1 ) , in rat theoretical accounts has been reported ( 69 ) . The writers claimed the advantage of this regimen over the usage of apparent local anaesthetic agents in non doing the shortage in motor an d autonomic nervus map, but it required further survey. Isoflurane, an inhalating anaesthetic agent, was besides proved to barricade TTX-s every bit good as NaV1.8 currents in rats ( 70 ) . Eugenol, the broad usage agent in dental clinic, had ability to suppress both TTX-R and TTX-S Na ion currents in rats and had the consequence on nociceptive, every bit good as non-nociceptive fibres ( 71, 72 ) . Hence, eugenol may be another good pick to be an analgetic and anaesthetic agents used in dental intervention. In add-on to those mentioned above, the Na channel barricading efficaciousness of assortment opioid derived functions has been studied. This survey found that tramadol, Fentanyl and sufentanil had sodium channel barricading ability particularly in slow-activation Na channel isoform, while morphia did non ( 73 ) . The specific Na channel blockers have been improved but they are limited to specific NaV1.8 blockers, such as ?O-conotoxin MrVIB from Conus Marmoreus ( 74 ) , a little m olecule antisense oligonucleotide ( A-803467 ) ( 75, 76 ) and 5-Aryl-2-furfuramides ( 77 ) . Unfortunately, despite many researches about Na channel blockers, none of Na channel barricading agents is considered to be effectual and safe plenty to utilize in homo. Further surveies for the new coevals of hurting intervention are still needed. In decision, dental hurting is a important wellness job. Although several voltage-gated Na channel isoforms, every bit good as an epithelial Na channel, have been identified in dental mush with different location and map, merely NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 serve as a cardinal function in inflammatory mush. These sodium channel isoforms are suggested to be the possible marks for the fresh hurting intervention of pulpal redness and to seek for fresh anaesthetics in the intervention of painful pulpitis. How to cite Sodium Channels In Dental Pulp Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Integrating Online and Offline Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Online and Offline Strategies. Answer: Measuring Marketing Metrics Measurement is the first step that leads to control and, eventually, to improvement (H. James Harrington) moreover metrics give an understanding on how content is making progress. The content should engage the market in style and its normally a measure of your ability or tone to give out information that is helpful and also relevant authoritative information hence in a spoken way. The best way to engage markets is by using stories that the audience can relate to and also able to provide context for the relevant information. The market position should improve and influence appropriately - its the measure of increasing impact of the market projects. The success or failure of internet programs can be determined by taking into considerations the effectiveness of metrics and one can identify with the importance and difficulty of choosing the most relevant metrics to reach marketing objectives(Roberts Zahay, 2013) The content should be in a position to support the firms short term and long term goals; emphasizing on time limit and particular projects may get in the way of fishing up the big projects. The process for selecting and producing content topic should be efficient as this eliminates stress, burn out and frustrations that may be caused to meeting strict deadlines; efficiency will produce the best content. Overall traffic on the website portrays that a site is unique. The number of people visiting the site visit depending on company size, industry or the amount of content produced. In an instance a page views are high than the visitors it most probably shows how the audience find the content engaging since the individuals click around multiple pages. Theres a need for developing new sets of parameters to evolve marketing channel since it will drive improvements and help out the businesses to focus on their people and resources on what is considered key and provide more focus on values of the accomplished and already achieved. References Excellence - the IBM way: H. James Harrington H. Harrington - ASQC Quality Press 1988 Internet marketing: integrating online and offline strategies Mary Roberts - Debra Zahay - South-Western Cengage Learning - 2013

My Father free essay sample

Step by step I inch my way up the beautiful marble stairs of Grand Central Station, becoming closer and closer to my favorite place; the concrete jungle, better known as New York City. I can’t help but to fantasize about life in the city. I strut my way down Broadway in my two-thousand dollar Louboutins accompanied by my Spring 2014 Prada dress suit, paying no attention to the walk sign that displays a flashing hand because I have a high paying job that I need to get to. My glamorous chimera has only just begun when I feel the grasping tug of a warm hand struggling to find stability. I look at my embarrassed dad one step below me, as he tensely grabs the brass railing while struggling to climb the twenty stairs that bring absolute delight to his little princess. I wish I could say that my father had sprained his ankle or had broken his leg. We will write a custom essay sample on My Father or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I also wish I could say that I’ve been skiing, hiking or jogging with my dad. But none of that’s true. The year 2000 has no significance to me other than that year my dad, a whole-hearted, gregarious man, was destroyed. The day began as every other day on the job did; a brief hello to everyone occupying the worn red and blue leather seats followed by the mastered task of attacking the small white tickets with the oversized hole puncher. Just as my dad greeted one of his â€Å"regulars† his radio was bombarded with shouts from a coworker on a different train screaming, â€Å"Mike! Stop the train! Your undercarriage is on fire! Evacuate immediately!† Dropping any other care in the world, my dad ran through all cars demanding all passengers to abandon the train quickly. Finally stopping at the location of the waving and smoking fire, my dad jumped to the needs of the fatigued and suffocating passengers without hesitation. Heroically speaking my dad claims, à ¢â‚¬Å"The passengers were my responsibility. I had to get them off the train if it was the last thing I did.† On September 13, 2000, an average forty-year-old man saved the lives of thirty Metro-North commuters despite his twelve fractured bones, various torn ligaments and tendons, endless gashes, and loss of a lung due to inhalation of heavy smoke. With a permanently muffled voice and troubled breathing, my dad claimed the title of a hero. My dad is continuously reminded of his heroic moment as he looks down at the thirteen scars covering his body or hears his raspy voice straining itself to answer a simple question. At any point in time, he is able to relive the catastrophe as he saved the lives of desperate strangers. My story is a little different. I cannot look down at my arm and see a soft purple scar to remind me of a heroic deed. Rather, I see my dad struggle to walk, talk or breathe and internally inflate with sorrow and anger. Selfishly, I yearn for a dad that’s a dad, not an observer. I want a dad that could have chased me around Indian River soccer field, jogging ten feet behind at a sluggishly slow pace yelling, â€Å"You’re so fast, I’m never going to catch you!† I want a dad that could have surprised my family with a vacation because he secretly decided to work overtime a few days every week. I want a dad who can decide to go to the gym and workout for an hour because he has a small window of time before he has to pick me up from tennis practice. My emotions are uncontrollable as I think of how I could have grown up differently if my dad never saved those passengers. I long for a life I can’t have, but I also realize how blessed I am with the life I do have. Every day I decide to glance over the scars that ruin his skin, the hoarse voice that hides his expression, and the limp muscles that prevent him from participating in endless activities because I know that is not what matters. Rather I value each moment my dad lectures me on how to hit a golf ball right or zoom in to capture the perfect picture. I understand how lucky I am to have someone to teach and guide me. I continuously look into my dad’s heart, filled with life, energy, and love and appreciate the amazing dad that I am fortunate enough to have.

How To Schedule Tweets And Organize Your Social Media Plan

How To Schedule Tweets And Organize Your Social Media Plan Studies suggest its perfectly  acceptable to  tweet up to 15 times a day. Thats 105 tweets  a week! Whether you  plan to send that number of tweets or not, one thing is certain: Twitter is a high-sharing volume network. Your followers expect you to tweet a lot of helpful  content consistently every day. That means scheduling tweets is more important than ever to help you: Queue tweets to automatically post well  into the future. Send tweets at the absolute best times  to reach your followers when theyre most active on Twitter- even when youre busy with other projects and life in general. See every scheduled tweet for all of your Twitter handles  in one place to discover gaps in your posting plan. Thats exactly what youll get when you schedule tweets with , your all-in-one social media editorial calendar. Lets explore. How To Schedule Tweets And Organize Your Social Media Plan Studies suggest its perfectly  acceptable to  tweet up to 15 times a day. Thats 105 tweets  a week! Whether you  plan to send that number of tweets or not, one thing is certain: Twitter is a high-sharing volume network. Your followers expect you to tweet a lot of helpful  content consistently every day. That means scheduling tweets is more important than ever to help you: Queue tweets to automatically post well  into the future. Send tweets at the absolute best times  to reach your followers when theyre most active on Twitter- even when youre busy with other projects and life in general. See every scheduled tweet for all of your Twitter handles  in one place to discover gaps in your posting plan. Thats exactly what youll get when you schedule tweets with , your all-in-one social media editorial calendar. Lets explore.

Cardiovascular Disease Among Urban Malaysians Health And Social Care Essay

Cardiovascular Disease Among Urban Malaysians Health And Social Care Essay Results from INTERHEART global case-control study (Yusuf et al. 2004, Anand et al. 2008) concluded that the following nine potentially modifiable risk factors account for over 90% of the risk of an acute myocardial infarction (in order of highest to lowest population attributable risk for Southeast Asian and Japanese subgroup): dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, smoking, regular physical activity, regular alcohol consumption, psychosocial factors, diabetes mellitus, daily fruit and vegetable consumption. There are six established major risk factors for coronary heart disease: adverse diet, above-optimal levels of serum total cholesterol and blood pressure, overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus and cigarette smoking (Stamler 2005). Urbanization Urban areas are defined as gazetted areas and their adjoining built-up areas with a combined population of 10 000 persons or more at the time of the consensus (Mahari et al. 2009). The fraction of rural population in Malaysia was 4 0.4 % in 2000 and an estimated 38.4 % in 2007, compared to Switzerland with 26.6 % in 2007 (UN Demographic Yearbook 2009). The rapid urbanization of the world brings significant changes to lifestyles. Nowadays more than 50% of the world’s population is already living in urban areas, and and estimated 70% by 2050 (WHO 2010). Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease risk factors A major trend in developing countries is the epidemiological transition from communicable causes of death to non-communicable causes. Projections by Mathers et Loncar (2006) estimate that globally the proportions of deaths due to non-communicable diseases will rise from 59% in 2002 to 69% in 2030. According to Malaysia’s statistics of death, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease are already considered the leading causes of death in 2007 (Department of Statistics Malaysia 2009). Malaysia is strongly affected by the above mentioned health-transition. The National Health and Morbidity Su rvey (NHMS) III (2006) showed that the prevalence of obesity has more than tripled in a decade (from 4.4% in 1996 to 14.0% in 2006), the prevalence of hypertension has increased by about one third in 10 years (from 33% to 43%) and the prevalence of newly diagnosed and known diabetes has almost doubled in the same period. The prevalence of diabetes is significantly higher in urban areas, whereas the rural population is significantly more affected by hypertension and tobacco use. Studies from other areas of the developing world show divergent results. A study from Vietnam (Pham et al. 2009) confirmed the higher prevalence of hypertension in the rural population of the Mekong Delta (rural male 27%, female 16%). On the other side a higher prevalence of hypertension in urban subjects was found in the National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 in China (Wu et al. 2008) and a systematic review in Sub-Saharan Africa (Addo et al. 2007). Concerning smoking a recent study from China (Ho et al. 2010) revealed a higher prevalence of ever-smokers among urban young women. In a semi-rural community, Chia and Srinivas (2009) found a high mean predicted coronary heart disease risk: 20-25% for men and 11-13% for women (mean age of the subjects 65.4 years(Â ±8)). Studies from Vietnam (Pham et al. 2009), Brazil and Mexico (Ford et Mokdad 2008) revealed a higher prevalence of obesity in urban areas than in rural areas. With a value of 11.6 % Malaysia has the second highest estimated comparative prevalence of diabetes mellitus in South East Asia for 2010 (with Singapore representing the highest prevalence), which is more than double of highly developed Japan (Sicree et al. 2006). Dietary imbalances in South-Asian populations are common: there is often a low intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fibre, and high intake of saturated fatty acids, carbohydrates and trans-isomer fatty acids (Isharwal et al. 2009, Misra et al. 2009).

Film review about Infernal Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Film review about Infernal Affairs - Essay Example Before its official release, this film generated a lot of interest among the prospective audience because of the difference in concept to the other films that had recently come from Hong Kong. It can be said that the concept, upon which the film is based, is unique and extraordinarily few films have been created using the same concept. This film employs a vibrating abruptness that is usually found in the work of the writer and director Michael Mann. The theme of this film uses the techniques, which Mann used in the film Heat, and this theme can be seen almost to the last detail. It has the same cold bloodedness that was displayed in the latter film and this, indeed, makes it one of a kind. When the film was released, it did not disappoint those who had expected it to have the qualities that were unique, fun, and at the same time made the film a serious picture to watch. It looks at the relationship between the police and the criminal underworld in a new perspective that many would co nsider impossible. It set a new record, which many Hong Kong films of the same genre from that time on have been trying to reach. This film is, therefore, worthy of the adoration that many of its fans have had, and continue to have, for it. The film gives the viewer a glance into the criminal underworld that is dominated by the Triad, where criminal mastermind Hon Sam believes that he can make his gang live outside the law. To achieve this feat, he sends a group of young men to join the police academy so that when they become police officers, they will be able to keep any attention from his activities from the police (Marchetti 95). The main aim is to keep ahead of the police, by getting to know what moves the police are planning against him before those plans can be executed. In this way, he will be able to run his operations safely without any fear of being caught. Unknown to Hon, the police are planning almost the exact thing against him. They want to place a mole within his orga nization so that the mole can tell them the moves that Hon makes, hence ensuring that he is caught red-handed. Under the supervision of Superintendent Wong, Chan is chosen to become the mole in Hon’s triad organization, and to achieve this, there is a public demonstration where Chan is kicked out of the Academy despite being the best student. This leads him to enter the criminal underworld as an undercover cop, with only two people in the police department knowing his identity. The duty, which has been assigned to Chan, is a perilous one indeed, because he is tasked to remain with the triads until such a time as they are brought down, no matter how long it takes. Within the same academy as Chan is one Lau, who is a Triad mole tasked with keeping Hon up to date about the police movement against him. The entire movie is based on the parallel lives, which Lau and Chan live as moles in each other’s organizations and how these lives come to profoundly affect them personally (Bradshaw). There is a sense, around the main characters of the film, of being disconnected and alienated and this helps to increase the excitement that one feels when watching it. This feeling keeps one wondering what is going to happen next, ensuring that one fully concentrates on the film, so the latter scenes are not missed out. These two characters are, unknowingly, brought together at the beginning of the film, each not having a hint

Should Sex Education be Mandatory in High Schools Research Paper

Should Sex Education be Mandatory in High Schools - Research Paper Example From the paper it is clear that  draws mixed reactions whenever it is brought up for discussion. Many are the tikes that emotions flare up between the conservatives and those who are of the same. It is, however, necessary to state the facts about sex education in high schools and specifically, teenage sex as it is so that at the end of the day people makes an informed opinion on this matter. Sex education in high schools is something, which should be embraced because of the value that this topic creates among those children who undergo such trainings. It is necessary that the correct information be available for the young minds so that they do not lose track as they try to experiment things on their own. It is common knowledge that the media nowadays have a lot of influence on the mindset of the teenagers.  As the discussion stresses  most high school children are teenagers and they have access to the media, programs which portray sex as the best way out. There is a high level of influence also from the internet with sites that have pornographic materials and contents yet with no restrictions, meaning that these young children can access the same with a lot of ease. Denying the vulnerability of our children and refuting sex education a chance in high schools is like turning a blind eye to the young minds and leaving them in a state of confusion. The high school children are still young and with the correct information about sex, these children are likely to grow up into responsible individuals with good sexual behavior.

M&S Case Study Essay Example for Free

MS Case Study Essay Introduction As stated by Andrew (2001), the Porter’s generic strategies framework assist the business to evaluate a competitive atmosphere. The five Porters force mainly deal with entry threat, power of buyers and suppliers, substitute’s threat, and competitive rivalry. The threat of entry According to Porter (1980), entry freedom into a new market is normally considered an indication of the extent of company’s competitiveness. Porter further states that the larger the barriers to entry, the less the threat of new companies moving into the market. Marks and Spencer individually can keep prices low strategically to minimize possible entrants into the market. This is called entry deterring pricing that establishes a barrier to other competitors. As stated by Anthony (1999), these barriers are unique characteristics of an industry that defines it. The barriers decrease the pace at which new firms enter the industry thus maintaining low profits levels for other companies. The power of buyers For Marks and Spencer to root to its customers, it has to emphasis on grassroots acquisition of customers so as to offer an enlarged bargaining power to them. Consumers can improve their bargaining power suppose the services or products of an organization are not affordable or are of low quality. The consumers an also have strong bargaining power suppose they purchase standard, undifferentiated goods from suppliers. The buyers will be weak if producers can over own retailing if the producers are not standardized and the buyer cannot switch to another product (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). The company has tried to minimize such cases for high competitive advantage. The company has also to find new delivery methods that will improve customer satisfaction. Power of suppliers According to Porters (1980), a supplier can have influence suppose the company works within a limited market and there is a degree of substitutability. As asserted by Grant (2005), there are some factors that determine the power of the company to attain all the needed account to meet the relevant profits. There are credible onwards integration threats by suppliers, supplier’s concentration, cost of switching suppliers, and its powerfulness to boycott low quality products (Anthony, 1999). The company has to maintain a chain of suppliers for its products to beat the competition. Threat of Substitutes Porter (1980) describes the threat of substitution as the identification of substitute products that can perform the same function as the product in question. Marks and Spencer experiences some threats from the products of other companies. To an economist, intimidation of competitors take place supposes the product demand is affected by change in price of the competitors. Marks and Spencer’s products demand have been adversely affected by the strategic change in prices of other companies (Coyne, 1996). The new fashions available and the changing dressing mode are creating high competition between Marks and Spencer and other competitive companies. Rivalry Marks and Spencer faces high competition because various companies have emerged producing high quality products at affordable prices. This high concentration shows that the company has many competitors and majority has an important market share. To counter competition, Marks and Spencer has managed to lower prices so as to gain a temporary advantage. It has also strived to improve their product features and qualities during the manufacture (Grant, 2005). References Andrew, H., 2001. Understanding Potters five force analyses in the industries: view in the global world. Macmillan publishers. pp.22-27. Anthony, W., 1999. Strategic comparison of business to consumers’ relationships. Macmillan publishers. Coyne, K., 1996. Bringing obedience to policy. The McKinsey Quarterly. No.4. Grant, R., 2005. Modern policy investigation. The Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford (U.K.). Johnson Scholes, 2002. Strategic Management. 6th ed. Exploring Corporate Strategy Text Cases.

Is Meursault Heroic in Albert Camus The Stranger? Essays -- Albert Ca

Is Meursault Heroic in The Outsider?       When Meursault is described to us in the early stages of "The Outsider" we see that he does not obey society's codes therefore is it fair for us to assess him using societies interpretation of "heroic"?    If we are to judge him by them then we are given ample examples throughout the novel of his having no compassion or even of his thinking of the consequences of his actions, hardly heroic, but the converse is also demonstrated in many places.   An example of the former is when Raymond asks Meursault to "draft" a letter to an Arab prostitute.   Meursault knows what will result from his actions but seems unemotional and views the letter as being a favour for a friend and not a vicious conspiracy.   This lack of emotion is reinforced when the prostitute is beaten up by Raymond and Meursault remains impartial whilst his girlfriend, Marie, thought it was " terrible" and is sickened by the beating.   Another display of his apathetic views is in the opening lines "Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday, I don't know"   This indicates that either he does not care or he had no comprehension of what had happened.   An additional illustration of his detached attitude is after his mothers funeral when he goes to see a humorous "Fernandel" film with Marie, his girlfriend, and then he takes her home and sleeps with her just hours after his Mothers funeral.   This indicates that aswell as having a detached viewpoint that he has no perception of morality.   A section of the novel that reinforces this occurs that after the murder when he is in jail; he never mentions the Arab at all; it is as if he does not... ... monther's funeral is liable to be condemned to death", Meursault is condemned as he does not conform and people cannot understand him.   In my opinion Meursault is admirable as despite his imminent conviction he maintains his unconventional viewpoint and standards throughout the novel.   He is a "man who, without any heroic pretensions, agrees to die for the truth".   In my opinion this is the essence of Meursaults character, if he believes in it not even death will alter his views.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Akeroyd, Richard H. The Spiritual Quest of Albert Camus. Alabama: Portals Press, 1976. Camus, Albert. The Stranger. New York: Random House, Inc., 1988. King, Adele. Camus. Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 1964. 120. McCarthy, Patrick. The Stranger. University of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.   

How Close Is Too Close?

How would you suggest Tim analyze this opportunity? Senior Vice President of supply chain management Tim Tree of Top Line, Inc. Has to decide if being a partner is right for him. For Tree to make the proper decision he will need to list vital factors that will allow Dynamo and Top Line, Inc. To work as one. By strategically analyzing the short-term and long-term goals of Dynamo, Tree will see if the Dynamo organization will remain in a business with Top Line, Inc. For several years.He will see through evaluation of gains and losses if Dynamo will try to find nether company that could possibly offer the same thing that Top Tree Is offering. For the company to profit Tree will need to ensure that consumers are in the market for what is being offered if Dynamo does not partner with Top Line, Inc. For this to be accomplished Tree will need the help of those that work for him. Those that work the day-to-day operations of the company will are in the best position to tell him what they are observing, and If moving on will be the best choice. Question: What the Implications of saying â€Å"yes†?The Implications of Tim accepting the offer from Dynamo to become one of their few â€Å"partner suppliers† is a perplexing situation for Tim, who is the Vice President of Supply Chain Management at Top Line Inc. There are tremendous positives for Top Line if they were to accept this offer, but there are also some negative considerations that could be significant. The positive opportunities for Top Line Include the commitment of Dynamo to Top Line as their sole source for their products. This means stability for Top Line with this customer and as Dynamo grows so grows the Top Line Inc.There are also great opportunities for engineering and technology sharing between the two organizations and this could be a strong addition to the Top Line group. An additional positive of this acceptance into the partner/supplier is that Top Line will be included in the early develop ment and design of new products from Dynamo. This means that Top Line can design and be ready to supply Dynamo with their new requirements because of this early Inclusion and partnership agreement. The negatives of this agreement are very real and must be carefully considered before accepting this seemingly golden opportunity.There is a great deal of resource commitment that will have to be made to meet Dynamo's agreement. From mandatory meetings, to the sharing of technical resources, a great deal of resource time will have to be allocated to this one customer. There is also a mandate where cost, technological, and resource Information Is required to be shared with Dynamo. This Is a very sensitive area for Top Line as there patent strength Is one of their key intellectual properties and the information of these will be required to be shared tit Dynamo.Another consideration is the mandated cost reduction that Top Line must supply each year as a partner to Dynamo. This will have to b e evaluated, and the financial impact reviewed carefully. Question: What the implications of saying partner supplier for a Dynamo corporation or to decline this offer. Although Tim can see a lot of advantages of saying â€Å"yes† to this opportunity, he has to analyze the outcomes of his negative decision if he will have to make one. The positive sides of not accepting this offer would be not feeling the pressure of being a sole partner applier for a large corporation.He would not have to worry about the availability of resources to supply. The company would not have to be involved in all the organized agenda of a large company, I. E. Holding the mandatory meetings, sharing intellectual property, like technical resources, costs and resource information. The patents, therefore, would be safer here, not being shared with a large customer. Mandated cost reduction would not have to become an issue, because the impacts of reduced costs on financial stability of the Top Line are no t really known.All the process of reading the inventory would not have to be shared every single step of the way. In other words if Top Line would decline the offer, it would not have so many obligations to take upon itself and it would not have to follow an agenda of someone else. The negative side of declining the offer to become a partner supplier is that Top Line would not secure a large contract that could potentially lead to more revenues and better financial security of the company. The company would not get an enhanced publicity, which it would otherwise enjoyed by securing a large contract and gaining exclusivity status.That publicity is usually very good for marketing and getting the name of the company out there. The company would not have opportunities that could arise while sharing the engineering and technology between the large organizations. Top Line would also not be included in the early development and design of the new products, and that means that they would not have so much say in the design specifications and requirements of the product. Question: If the invitation is accepted, how can Tim assure a successful â€Å"partnership†? As Tim considers if Top Line Inc. Would partner with Dynamo he should consider hat saying â€Å"no† would do for the company. Currently Top Line Inc. Is doing very well and Dynamo has proven that they are a company that can be depended on for service by winning the supplier of the year award and being names the key stake holder. The fear of that Tom has on communicating information real-time, sharing technology, integrating planning and production schedules, and dedicating resources are all validate point of concerns but the Dynamo has shown that will to meet the needs of Top Line Inc. Saying â€Å"no† would be a missed opportunity to grow future business.

10 Ways to Start Afresh This Year Essay

New Year’s Eve is all about looking back at your past and most importantly looking forward to your future. A new year always brings along a ray of sunshine and hope which makes us believe that no matter how amazing or terrible the past year was, this one will be much better! New Year is the time for new beginnings, so here is a list 10 resolutions which will hopefully mark 2013 as the best year you have had! See more: Homeless satire essay -Maliha Intikhab 1. Break a bad habit and make a good one You don’t have to start with a huge transition. Take baby steps, choose a bad habit of yours and slowly try to get rid of it. We, humans are living are living huge parts of our lives on auto pilot so breaking up a habit will only take you half way. From there, you have to try to build a new habit, but the good thing now is that you can consciously choose this one. 2. Organize yourself! Declutter all the mess in your room! Take some time to organize your closet, work area, or your drawers and you’ll notice that you will instantly feel relaxed. No matter how much you hate cleaning up, organizing your things  will always prove to be beneficial for you because this time you won’t have to sift through the pile of paper clutter in your drawer to find that English essay. 3. Do something different Do something that is completely out of character for you, not only would that really expand your horizons but you will also make lifelong memories. It could be something as easy as making friends with new people or something as crazy as sky diving or bungee jumping. Spend some time outside you comfort zone. Always remember, we only get to live once so better make the best of it. 4. Stop trying to be perfect! Perfection is actually a mind trap. Perfection means that you have reached the end of your journey, which in a human’s case is only possible when one is dead. Try to be better instead, because â€Å"better† will always leave room for improvement. And, perfection is really about embracing your imperfections, not hiding them. If everyone becomes â€Å"perfect†, then there will be no uniqueness, no individuality since our flaws are actually what make us rare. 5. Lighten Up I know all those exams are right around the corner, but trust me stressing out will get you nowhere. Instead, take a deep breath and calm down. Don’t pile your work up; give yourself a little break every now and then to just relax. You can be your worst enemy if you put pressure on yourself so why even do it? [pic] 6. Quit being a quitter Failure is not losing at something; it is giving up on something. Quitting something is not called starting over; it is called leaving something unfinished. We have to learn to take responsibilities. Do not give, keep fighting for your dreams. Then, even if I do not achieve my goal, I would still have the satisfaction that I tried my best. â€Å"If life gets you done, get right back up† 7. Spend less time online Now, I am not trying to be preachy here, but we spend way too much time improving our cyber social life than we spend on our real one. Instead of writing on someone’s wall, how about actually hanging out with them. I am not telling you to leave social media but just make sure you have a real social life. 8. Boost up your health routine No, I do not mean running on a treadmill until you run out of breath. I mean, slowly try to make your lives healthier. Instead of that pizza, how about have an apple for lunch. How about walking home rather than waiting for your driver to come pick you up. It is always these little things that make the biggest differences! 9. Set a list of goals Where would you like to see yourself in a year? Make a list of goals you want to achieve this year, and put it up somewhere you can see it every day. Statistics show that if you set goals for yourself, it makes it a lot more likely for you to achieve them. 10. Try to become a nicer person You do not have to start big, just complimenting your friend is good enough. Volunteer at your local hospital or at a retirement home. I can guarantee that it will be the best feeling in the world to know that you were the  reason behind someone’s smile.

Berlin Airlift and Blockade in the Cold War

Berlin Airlift and Blockade in the Cold War With the conclusion of World War II in Europe, Germany was divided into four occupation zones as had been discussed at the Yalta Conference. The Soviet zone was in eastern Germany while the Americans were in the south, the British the northwest, and the French the southwest. Administration of these zones was to be conducted through the Four Power Allied Control Council (ACC). The German capital, located deep in the Soviet zone, was similarly divided between the four victors. In the immediate period following the war, there was great debate regarding what extent Germany should be allowed to rebuild. During this time, Joseph Stalin actively worked to create and place in power the Socialist Unity Party in the Soviet zone. It was his intention that all of Germany should be communist and part of the Soviet sphere of influence. To this end, the Western Allies were only given limited access to Berlin along road and ground routes. While the Allies initially believed this to be short-term, trusting to Stalins goodwill, all subsequent requests for additional routes were denied by the Soviets. Only in the air was a formal agreement in place which guaranteed three twenty-mile-wide air corridors to the city. Tensions Increase In 1946, the Soviets cut off food shipments from their zone into western Germany. This was problematic as eastern Germany produced the majority of the nations food while western Germany contained its industry. In reply, General Lucius Clay, commander of the American zone, ended shipments of industrial equipment to the Soviets. Angered, the Soviets launched an anti-American campaign and began to disrupt the work of the ACC. In Berlin, the citizens, who had been brutally treated by the Soviets in the closing months of the war, voiced their disapproval by electing a staunchly anti-communist  city-wide government. With this turn of events, American policymakers came to the conclusion that a strong Germany was necessary to protect Europe from Soviet aggression. In 1947, President Harry Truman appointed General George C. Marshall as Secretary of State. Developing his Marshall Plan for European recovery, he intended to provide $13 billion in aid money. Opposed by the Soviets, the plan led to meetings in London regarding reconstruction of Europe and the rebuilding of the German economy. Angered by these developments, the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to check the identities of the passengers. Target Berlin On March 9, 1948, Stalin met with his military advisors and developed a plan for forcing the Allies to meet his demands by regulating access to Berlin. The ACC met for the last time on March 20, when, after being informed that the results of the London meetings would not be shared, the Soviet delegation walked out. Five days later, Soviet forces began restricting Western traffic into Berlin and stated that nothing could leave the city without their permission. This led to Clay ordering an airlift to carry military supplies to the American garrison in the city. Though the Soviets eased their restrictions on April 10, the pending crisis came to head in June with the introduction of a new, Western-backed German currency, the Deutsche Mark. This was ardently opposed by the Soviets who wished to keep the German economy weak by retaining the inflated Reichsmark. Between June 18, when the new currency was announced, and June 24, the Soviets cut off all ground access to Berlin. The next day they halted food distribution in the Allied parts of the city and cut off electricity. Having cut off Allied forces in the city, Stalin elected to test the resolve of the West. Flights Begin Unwilling to abandon the city, American policymakers directed Clay to meet with General Curtis LeMay, commander of United States Air Forces in Europe, regarding the feasibility of supplying West Berlins population by air. Believing that it could be done, LeMay ordered Brigadier General Joseph Smith to coordinate the effort. Since the British had been supplying their forces by air, Clay consulted his British counterpart, General Sir Brian Robertson, as the Royal Air Force had calculated the supplies required to sustain the city. This amounted to 1,534 tons of food and 3,475 tons of fuel per day. Before commencing, Clay met with Mayor-Elect Ernst Reuter to ensure that the effort had the support of the people of Berlin. Assured that it did, Clay ordered the airlift to move forward on July 26 as Operation Vittles (Plainfare). As the US Air Force was short on aircraft in Europe due to demobilization, the RAF carried the early load as American planes were moved to Germany. While the US Air Force began with a mix of C-47 Skytrains and C-54 Skymasters, the former was dropped due to difficulties in unloading them quickly. The RAF utilized a wide array of aircraft from C-47s to Short Sunderland flying boats. While initial daily deliveries were low, the airlift quickly gathered steam. To ensure success, aircraft operated on strict flight plans and maintenance schedules. Using the negotiated air corridors, American aircraft approached from the southwest and landed at Tempelhof, while British aircraft came from the northwest and landed at Gatow. All aircraft departed by flying due west to Allied airspace and then returning to their bases. Realizing that the airlift would be a long-term operation, the command was given to Lieutenant General William Tunner under the auspices of the Combined Airlift Task Force on July 27. Initially derided by the Soviets, the airlift was allowed to proceed without interference. Having overseen the supply of Allied forces over the Himalayas during the war, Tonnage Tunner quickly implemented a variety of safety measures after multiple accidents on Black Friday in August. Also, to speed up operations, he hired German work crews to unload aircraft and had food delivered to pilots in the cockpit so they would not need to deplane in Berlin. Learning that one of his flyers had been dropping candy to the citys children, he institutionalized the practice in the form of Operation Little Vittles. A morale-boosting concept, it became one of the iconic images of the airlift. Defeating the Soviets By the end of July, the airlift was delivering around 5,000 tons a day. Alarmed the Soviets began harassing incoming aircraft and attempted to lure them off course with fake radio beacons. On the ground, the people of Berlin held protests and the Soviets were forced to establish a separate municipal government in East Berlin. As winter approached, airlift operations increased to meet the citys demand for heating fuel. Battling severe weather, the aircraft continued their operations. To aid in this, Tempelhof was expanded and a new airport built at Tegel. With the airlift progressing, Tunner ordered a special Easter Parade which saw 12,941 tons of coal delivered in a twenty-four hour period on April 15-16, 1949. On April 21, the airlift delivered more supplies by air than typically reached the city by rail in a given day. On average an aircraft was landing in Berlin every thirty seconds. Stunned by the success of the airlift, the Soviets signaled an interest in ending the blockade. An agreement was soon reached and ground access to the city reopened at midnight on May 12. The Berlin Airlift signaled the Wests intention to stand up to Soviet aggression in Europe. Operations continued until September 30 with the goal of building a surplus in the city. During its fifteen months of activity, the airlift provided 2,326,406 tons of supplies which were carried on 278,228 flights. During this time, twenty-five aircraft were lost and 101 people killed (40 British, 31 American). Soviet actions led many in Europe to support the formation of a strong West German state.

Does GDP describes your personal economic well being Essay

Does GDP describes your personal economic well being - Essay Example The term can be mathematically expressed as equal total investment, government and consumer expenditure, plus the exports value, minus the imports value. The GDP of a country can be determined using the following three approaches; which should all provide similar results; the output or product approach, the expenditure approach, and the income approach (Walter, 2000). The product approach is the most direct and totals the outputs of each category to come up with the total. Expenditure approach is guided by the principle that every product has to be purchased by an individual, thus people’s overall spending must equal total product value. Lastly, the income approach basically works on the rule that earnings of productive factors should be equal to their product value and it determines GDP by totaling all of the producers’ earnings. Well being refers to the feeling of being happy, healthy and comfortable according to Kathleen and Thesia, (2005). However, this depends with what we do with it since it is evident that usually people may feel well in various different ways. In most cases, factors to be considered include social environment, surrounding (house), health and personal realization which include hobbies and work place, to determine well being. However, some people tend to think it is impossible to feel well with no swimming pool, a Porsche, or a ticket to travel round the world in a year. Thus, well being begins at the moment one has and can do what he thinks is fit for himself. Parts of well being can determine if you can have something or not same as the structural behavior determines the possibility of receiving something or being accepted to do so. Thus, one of the features of human’s well being is structural behavior. This term generally refers to a state of people having adequate resources to satisfy their needs. It can also be referred to fiscal

Case Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case Problem - Essay Example In this essay, the aim is to argue that in the case of Isabella vs. Cato, the former can successfully, enforce the latter’s promise. The background of this case is that Cato promised Isabella $40,000 upon enrolment and subsequent graduation from college to which the latter successfully does. Upon demand of the honoring of the promise, Cato cites lack of contract and enforceability. In this case, Cato cannot denounce the contract because Isabella has honored her part. According to US constitution, â€Å"If an oral contract that cannot be fulfilled within one year has been fully performed, the contract is fully enforceable (regardless of how long performance actually took)† (National Paralegal College, p.12) Had Isabella failed to enroll or fail to graduate from the college, Cato would have legal grounds to overlook the contracts. If one party fails to honor their part of bargain there has to be a case (National Paralegal College, p.12). In other words, if Isabella despite failure to graduate still demanded the $40000 promise, Cato would not pay. Conversely, now that she graduated, Cato has to honor the promise. Worth noting is the fact that a contract does not necessarily need to be in a written form to become enforceable. Nevertheless, it is vitally important to understand that in United States, some contracts have to be in form of writing. As for the Cato –Isabella case, this is not one of the cases requiring such

Back Belts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Back Belts - Article Example In spite of knowing that radiation has definite and pronounced, long-term, serious after effects, why after all it’s use is approved to continue, even in the most advanced countries? Obviously, because it is a life saving technique. Similarly to use or not to use DDT is not a matter of option for the underdeveloped countries; it is rather a matter of survival for them. Since there is no replacer available at this point in time, we can not afford to wait (Ban DDT) till tomorrow. When someone is drowning, it is no time to tell him or her, how to swim. Background DDT, â€Å"dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a white crystalline powder along with many other synonyms (Safety Data)†, had been effectively used in preventive control of Malaria, a disease spread by the vector mosquito. It saved thousands of lives but contrarily it polluted the environment right from the depth of lakes to the peaks of mountains through fish and birds of prey, having residues of DDT. Toxicological s tudies have found it hazardous to the health of humans and to that of fauna and flora too. In consideration of serious potentials like being carcinogenic-Cancer producing, Its Use had been banned in USA and many other countries. However, it has renewed the spread of disease and malaria is at large, once again.

Industry Clustering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industry Clustering - Essay Example Some of the general deductions that can be made from the clustering phenomenon in business location involve synergy in operations where conglomeration facilitates efficient industry-specific microeconomics. To illustrate this, it is an economic fact that an industry relies on a support economy including supplies and other secondary support services. In a clustered environment, it is certainly possible for the entire cluster, working as a system, to influence the market forces of the ancillary system. The influence exerted increases the bargaining power of the firms in attracting the relevant support systems in that location. Among the most definitive determinants of clustering, including supplies and labor as briefly discussed below. Despite the fact that there are different levels of dependence on suppliers across firms as dictated by the nature of business engaged, firms may cluster together o take advantage of supply dynamics. It can be projected that firms with a higher reliance on supplies in the running of their operations would be a favorable business opportunity if they were located together. Pulling suppliers’ attention towards a centralized market reduces costs for their operations and facilitates in increasing the firms’ bargaining power thereby creating a favorable environment for the players. In addition, labor intensity in the operations of industries is varied across business types, but it affects the location considerations by firms across the various levels of their labor demand. Labour supply is influenced towards the clusters as a center of interest for the labor market where high specificity across the skills levels is likely to be met. Such a setting dramatically changes the dyn amics of the labor market by attracting its availability and quality.  Ã‚  

Disadvantages Of Moving To A Paperless Office

Disadvantages Of Moving To A Paperless Office The growth in the economy of a country immediately raises the demands for several products to make business work. These demands will in turn influence the growing production and increased output which requires additional energy to run the production machines. Both issues, while common in business, have potential to cause long-term problems; especially when dealing with environmental issues. In product development for instance, corporations are driven to develop and produce new products that comply with environmental requirements like environmentally-safe packaging and fuel-efficient vehicles using hybrid technology. These issues highlight that the future of business is so challenging that innovation becomes the key focus to win business. The development of technology spawns new trends in our business environment. One of the emerging technologies in the information era is a paperless office that benefits from the digitalization of documents. Most of these trends, like any other, possess both advantages and disadvantages. Paperless Office In this paper I am discussing the popular concept of a paperless office. However, the discussion will focus on its issues and disadvantage rather than its benefits. History of Paperless Office In the 1970s there were predictions regarding an office which doesnt require any use of paper. One of those predictions can be viewed in an edition of Business Week in 1975 (The Office of the Future, 1975). It was a dream of an office in 1975 that, in the future, paper would be obsolete. According to some predictions, offices would not require any paper because everything was processed and stored digitally through various technologies. The predictions stemmed from the birth of Personal Computers (Selen, 2001). In reality however, these predictions are still the stuff of cinema. A paperless office as predicted above has never been fully implemented. On the contrary, for most offices today, the presence of the personal computer has not radically reduced using papers as output. People have been swayed away with the easiness of writing or drawing within a personal computer only to then print them on a piece of paper; forgetting the dreams that were present before. Current Expectations Regarding Paperless Office Today, when the need for efficiency has been called for, we return to the hope of a paperless office. The concept has been slightly modified however in the realization that paper has been a part of our daily lives and that the use of personal computers in the 1990s has produced the need for more paper. The concept of Paperless Office is now a philosophy; one of working with minimal paper, using processes that eliminate the use of paper, and to make documentation in digital form whenever possible. The main focus is no longer on how much paper is used, but on the efficiency that is gained from the process towards a Paperless Office (McIndoo, 2009). Processes of Paperless office There are two methods of transforming a company into paperless office. The first is by automating the processes that generally use paper as an essential tool. Technologies that exist in facilitating that process are: Enterprise Data Automation Software. Software used to integrate forms and data with systems that processes them. Form Technology. Software used to design various types of forms. Using forms is no longer necessary if people performing business transactions have personal computers with form technology in it. Databases. Device to replace the function of a filing cabinet. Data is made into digital form and then stored in a database with sufficient security technology in it. Digital Signature. Software allows evidence of signature in digital form. Papers are generally used as business evidences. This is required in business transactions to generate legal binding between two or more parties. Workflow Platforms. Process flow of an office. Paper documents are generally used to transfer a data to other departments so that it can continue doing what is needed next. This flow of work can now be documented and transferred in digital form, using the workflow platforms. The second method of pursuing the paperless office is data storage transformation. In a general office, the data is conventionally stored and protected in a filing cabinet or in warehouses. This generally ends up creating piles of useless scrap paper rather than useful files. Using the Paperless Office technology, all this data can be transformed to a digital form very easily. Some of the tools available to support this process are scanners, book copiers, photo scanners, microfiche scanners, negative scanners, fax to PDF converter, and document management systems. (The Economist, 2008). Issues in Implementing Paperless Office Despite the benefits that are offered by the presence of the concept, the paperless office also generates several problems in implementation that have not yet been overcome. In order to make ease of our understanding, these issues will be divided into the two methods below. Issues in Digitizing the Work-Flow In digitizing the office processes, issues that arise include: Difficulty in Submitting and Signing Digital Documents. It is foreseeable that we can process documents digitally with sufficient practicality. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to image a digital station that can be transferred to our clients desks, so that he/she can sign it. This process is made more complicated if we are to think about the legal implications of digital work processing. It is still a huge question whether digital signature can be used as legal evidence or not. End-user Adoption of the New Processes is Difficult. The issue of getting all divisions of a group of large companies on board regarding the digital processing system can be complex. The system concept may be accepted easier by high ranking officers. However, for end users and executors, the concept of digital work processing might be difficult to adopt. Additional planning and modifications become essential. Changing from the Legacy Processes Can be Problematic. An issue that arises in terms of transforming paper-based processes into digital processes is with dealing with parties that have not adopted the digital processing method. As the world has globalized, we are to think about how to serve and deal with practically all people in the world. Expecting all of them to accept and apply the digital processing system now is practically wishful thinking (Gladwell, 2005). Cost Saving Justifications are Sometimes Not Fulfilled. Another important issue to consider is whether the digital processing system can all be financially justified or not. The basic purpose of digitizing most of the working process is to get significant cost savings out of it. It might work on a smaller scale in areas that we have initially chosen. The question is, whether it will remain cost beneficial when it is implemented in a wider scale or in all areas without exceptions. Issues in Transferring Existing Documents into Digital Form Despite the pros and cons in practicing the paperless office, there are several requirements to take into account when making all documents digital. The issues are as follows: Legal Ramifications. The legal and governmental aspects of a technological development often grow very slowly compared to the technology itself. This should also be rationally expected in a paperless office. Will digital contracts be as lawfully binding as paper agreements? Can document manipulation be considered a heavy violation against the law? Questions like these need to be pondered over by the business society. The Target Reader. Even today, forming a financial report requires a sufficient consideration of the target readers ability to understand the report. The same applies to digital documents. Will the reader accept the new way of doing business or are they more likely to feel comfortable with the old ones? The readers ability to adapt is an important factor for consideration. Changed Longevity of the Documents. This is a similar consideration to our paper-based documentation. Will the technology exist to maintain the longevity of digital documents, at least 5 years into its future? 10 years? 20 years? This is necessary to abide with the rules of business and accounting (Walker, 2009). Companies Going Green. Some companies still perceive that the idea of being green companies is merely to comply with government regulation that forces them to do so. But, in fact, it provides the company with strategic opportunity to take benefits of the consumers increasing awareness of using green products. Since being green companies right now has become part of a corporations marketing strategy, it is now common that they start using traditional performance evaluation measures such as return on investment (ROI), net present value (NPV), market share, and other factors to assess their go green initiatives. In general, the driving forces of going green concept are the result of two forces: external or internal pressures. The Transfer Process. Figure 1 shows that by relying on paperwork, we spend a great deal of time on the process and also waste many sources. Figure 1 Paperless Office Schematic Process Conclusion In hindsight we can now conclude, the concept of a paperless office may not be even feasible. However with growing demands, the need to reduce our dependency on paper and its inefficient storage constraints can be analyzed to meet the growing demands of business. The main focus is no longer on moving to a completely paperless process but to a more efficient, cost effective, and environmentally friendly paper reduction process. Many factors need to be taken into consideration during the economical growth cycle of a business and the people who support that growth. Word processors, scanners, software advancement, algorithms, hardware developments, etc. continue to improve the ability of businesses to be able to plan and implement the digitalization of accessible documents. Combined strategies help move the business forward by reducing paper reliance and improving efficiencies of data access while still maintaining security measures. Cost, ease of use, and legal issues continue to be a driving factor in determining when processes can be digitized. Transforming a business to a digitized process can be difficult and complex. Cost, timing, and longevity of the process need to be analyzed to determine if digitization is even a feasible concept for a particular process. State and federal regulations need also to be considered. Despite the benefits offered by the concept of a paperless office, several problems in implementation have not yet been overcome. Digitalization may work on smaller scales and may never be able to materialize on a wider scale. Cost and ease of use for all people continues to be the driving factor in preventing a paperless system in all areas without exception. There will always be issues and disadvantages of moving to a paperless office. The key focus is to define all the issues and disadvantages of moving to a reduced paper office along with the advantages and timeline constraints.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Powerful Style -- Grapes Wrath essa

The Powerful Style of The Grapes of Wrath      Ã‚   When Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath, our country was just starting to recover from The Great Depression.   The novel he wrote, though fiction, was not an uncommon tale in many lives.   When this book was first published, the majority of those reading it understood where it was coming from-they had lived it.   But now very few people understand the horrors of what went on in that time.   The style in which Steinbeck chose to write The Grapes of Wrath helps get across the book's message.    Early in the 1930's Steinbeck wrote, "The trees and the muscled mountains are the world-but not the world apart from man-the world and man-the one inseparable unit man and his environment. Why they should ever have been understood as being separate I do not know."   Steinbeck strove to reconnect them, and it shows in his writing.   Intermixed with the plot are corollary chapters.   The purpose of the corollary chapters is to put the events of the story in perspective to the circumstances of the country, so everyone would be able to understand the context of the book.   The corollary chapters tell little pieces of the "common story", the story held in common. They don't give specifics-they give generalities.   The first chapter gives the background to all of the following events. Every-other chapter gives more background to the story.   Whether a massive draught causes this migration of people from the Midwest, or all the families get told to get off of the land, or all th e migrants are starving; the chapters tell how all of this happened.    Not only does Steinbeck tell his story and put it in perspective, he also gives social commentary.   One might expect this social commentary to be... ...h at the idea of carrying a new life, as well as saving an older life-when aspects of her maternity give life.    The various writing techniques that Steinbeck used in the Grapes of Wrath brought out the message he wanted to get across.   The corollary chapters put the story in perspective, helping the reader understand the context of the events. The two types of social commentary gave each of them added weight.   And finally, the use of repetition gave the whole book a sense of continuity.    Works Cited and Consulted: Noble, Donald R. ed. The Steinbeck Question: New Essays in Criticism. Troy, New York, 1993. Pipher, Mary. Reviving Ophelia. New York: Ballantine Books, 1994. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Books, 1930. Wyatt, David ed. New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbeck's Powerful Style -- Grapes Wrath essa The Powerful Style of The Grapes of Wrath      Ã‚   When Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath, our country was just starting to recover from The Great Depression.   The novel he wrote, though fiction, was not an uncommon tale in many lives.   When this book was first published, the majority of those reading it understood where it was coming from-they had lived it.   But now very few people understand the horrors of what went on in that time.   The style in which Steinbeck chose to write The Grapes of Wrath helps get across the book's message.    Early in the 1930's Steinbeck wrote, "The trees and the muscled mountains are the world-but not the world apart from man-the world and man-the one inseparable unit man and his environment. Why they should ever have been understood as being separate I do not know."   Steinbeck strove to reconnect them, and it shows in his writing.   Intermixed with the plot are corollary chapters.   The purpose of the corollary chapters is to put the events of the story in perspective to the circumstances of the country, so everyone would be able to understand the context of the book.   The corollary chapters tell little pieces of the "common story", the story held in common. They don't give specifics-they give generalities.   The first chapter gives the background to all of the following events. Every-other chapter gives more background to the story.   Whether a massive draught causes this migration of people from the Midwest, or all the families get told to get off of the land, or all th e migrants are starving; the chapters tell how all of this happened.    Not only does Steinbeck tell his story and put it in perspective, he also gives social commentary.   One might expect this social commentary to be... ...h at the idea of carrying a new life, as well as saving an older life-when aspects of her maternity give life.    The various writing techniques that Steinbeck used in the Grapes of Wrath brought out the message he wanted to get across.   The corollary chapters put the story in perspective, helping the reader understand the context of the events. The two types of social commentary gave each of them added weight.   And finally, the use of repetition gave the whole book a sense of continuity.    Works Cited and Consulted: Noble, Donald R. ed. The Steinbeck Question: New Essays in Criticism. Troy, New York, 1993. Pipher, Mary. Reviving Ophelia. New York: Ballantine Books, 1994. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Books, 1930. Wyatt, David ed. New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Education and Training Essay

Although a certain degree level is not necessary, some employers will prefer a bachelors or associates degree. The degree field of a 911 dispatcher includes criminal justice, communications, and computer science. Computer skills in typing and computer- aided dispatch software is needed. It is required that you have a clean criminal background, you are able to pass the drug and lie detector test, you have good hearing and vision and you need to have U.S Citizenship. Before becoming a 911 operator, a lengthy application process must become completed. With attached resume, an application for employment must be submitted to an emergency response office Employers usually provide specific training for new operator Receive training on radio equipment, broadcasting, common communication skills, and stress management Training can take 3-6 months to complete Need to complete a certificate program in emergency communications Responsibilities Operate various computer and communication equipment Receive emergency calls from telephone, radio or other computer-aided dispatch system. Determine nature of call and location of the caller Direct the type and number of emergency service units to the scenes. Maintain communication with the caller to monitor the situation and be able to give first-aid instructions. Receive and respond to emergency and non-emergency services and complaints Coordinate the responses of public safety agencies Translate information into the appropriate codes Ask vital questions to the callers Maintain familiarity with specific Safety Operating Procedures and various manuals that include mandatory information Maintain a high level of mental stability and professionalism Be available for shifts at any time needed Daily Activities Use judgement and decision making skills to evaluate situations Work under dramatically stressful situations Establish priorities and pass on information as needed Work rotating shifts during evenings, nights, weekends, and holidays Enter information into the computer at a rate of 30-50 words per minute Maintain confidentiality Demonstrate teamwork during all emergencies Use interpersonal and technical skills Meets ethical guidelines by treating people with respect Documentation of Sources Become a 911 Dispatcher: Education Requirements and Salary Info. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2014, from http://education-portal.com/articles/Become_a_911_Dispatcher_Education_Requirements_and_Salary_Info.html Job Duties of 911 Dispatchers. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2014, from http://www.911dispatcheredu.org/job-description/ The Heart Behind The Voice: 911 Dispatchers. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2014, from http://www.halifaxnc911.com/ESW/Files/E911_Job_Description.pdf Self-Reflection I don’t think that I would like to be a 911 Operator because of having to sit behind a desk and answering emergency phone calls. I think it would put me under a lot of pressure to communicate with those in the emergency situation. Sitting behind a desk and directing things is boring. I like the exhilarating job of being hands on. TOXICOLOGIST Education and Training Start master science courses in middle and high school A bachelor’s degree in toxicology, biology or chemistry is needed Degree program in toxicology requires 127 credits with a focus on natural sciences and biomedical studies After obtaining a bachelor’s degree, a career path is established to determine whether or not to focus on a specialized area of toxicology in graduate school With a doctoral degree, a toxicologist continues with postdoctoral training Seek board certification from a reputable association like the American Board of Forensic Toxicology, which shows level of experience and competence Courses taken to determine how local environmental substances can affect and metabolize within the human body: Industrial and environmental agent toxicology Methods of toxicology analysis Reaction dynamics in physical chemistry Rules of evidence studies Molecular and cellular biology Forensic Toxicology Specialists can be certified through The American Board of Forensic Toxicology (ABFT) Responsibilities Study both physical and chemical agents that interact with the body Specializes in the examination of tissues, bodily fluids and blood. Determine whether illegal substances such as excessive levels of drugs and alcohol were present during the time of the crime Also study animals Find hazardous substances in our water Declare whether cosmetics or everyday substances are safe to use Collect various samples Prepare samples of harmful substances for testing and analysis Dissect dead animals and examine organs for signs of toxic materials Take tissue and blood samples from living animals for microscopic investigation Conduct research to understand how toxins affect people and animals Perform laboratory analysis on samples to observe cellular, biochemical and molecular responses to toxins Determine safe-levels of contact Daily Activities Study of toxic materials and how they affect the environment, human and animal health and future technology Conduct studies on food, air, water and soil to determine how they are altered when coming into contact with medicines, garden chemicals and industrial chemicals Work in labs performing basic or applied research on toxic substances Help enforce new laws enacted by the government about new chemicals and of their effects Play important roles in teamwork of scientists Collaborate with other technicians, scientists and peers when an experiment needs to be conducted quickly and completely. Documentation of Sources (Portal, Education), (n.d.). Forensic toxicology training and degree program information. Retrieved from, http://education-portal.com/articles/Forensic_Toxicology_Training_and_Degree_Program_Information.html (Alyson, Jennifer), (Media, Demand), (n.d.). What are the duties of a Toxicologist? Retrieved from, http://work.chron.com/duties-toxicologist-16885.html (Dunn, Kelly. Peacock), (Media, Demand), (n.d.). Education required for a toxicologist. Retrieved from, http://work.chron.com/education-required-toxicologist-4248.html Self- Reflection I would like to be a Toxicologist because of the way what they do goes with our everyday life such as various cosmetics and water. I didn’t know that they could also examine toxins in animals as well. I found that to be very interesting. I didn’t like that they have to come in contact with harmful chemicals but with the appropriate safety precautions taken, this can be a very fascinating career.